code switcingcode
AN ANALYSIS OF CODE
SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING USED BY
RADIO ANNOUNCERS AT
L-BASS RADIO 96. 7 MHZ IAIN BENGKULU
Detti
Lismayanti and Miza Anisa Sari
Dosen dan
Mahasiswa Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Tadris IAIN Bengkulu
Abstrak:
Fenomena alih
kode (code switching) dan campur kode (code mixing) adalah salah satu dari berbagai
konteks sosial yang dapat membantu interaksi manapun dengan transisi dari satu
bahasa ke bahasa lain. penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana
alih kode dan kode pencampuran digunakan oleh penyiar radio di L-bass IAIN
Bengkulu berdasarkan teori Hoffman.Penelitian ini merupakan
penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Data dikumpulkan
dengan teknik merekam dan kemudian penulis mentranskripsi rekaman ke dalam
kertas. Peserta penelitian ini adalah 4 penyiar
radio L-bass 97, 6 MHz IAIN Bengkulu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar peserta menggunakan semua
jenis alih kode dan campur kode. Dalam penggunaan alih kode, sebagian besar penyiar menggunakan antar-setential 40, 42%, dan
dalam penggunaan campur kode
intra-sentential 53, 41% lebih tinggi dari jenis lainnya. Hal ini juga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan alih kode dan campur kode oleh penyiar dari radio L-bass dalam program “Fun Dengan bahasa Inggris"
dipengaruhi oleh beberapa
faktor , yaitu usia, gaya dan kelas sosial. Penyiar juga menggunakan
semua jenis alih kode dan campur kode untuk membuat program menjadi lebih menarik.
Keywords:
Code Switching, Code
Mixing and Announcers L-Bass.
INTRODUCTION
Code
a main of communication is very important as a system that is used by people
and a system for communication between two or more parties. It is easy for them to switc orvto mix one
code to another code or one language to another languge. According to Martiana (2004:3) code
switching and code mixing happened as an effect of the cross language of Eros
culture by people use bilingualism or multilingualism. However,
sometimes code switching and code mixing wil become to aternative language by
announcers when do compensations, because code switching and code mixing can
make them easy to interpret word by word for listener are listening when the
speaker said, because code switching and code mixing can
make them confuse or misinterpret about it.
Code switching usually said as phenomenon
switching from one code to other, according Ohoiwutun (1997:71) code switching
is transliteration from one language to another language. Another phenomenon
closely related to code switching and code mixing. Code mixing is the transfer
of linguistics element from one language into another. According Suwandi
(2008:87) code mixing is the using of two or more language in informal style
between the people which we know. It is
important to note that code switching and code mixing differs from “lexical
borrowing”, a term that covers “words of foreign origin which have been
assimilated to the phonology of the host language” (Li, 2002:80). That theory
coherent in Charles (1992:2) he said that code switching is using more than one
language or variety of language simultaneously in conversation. Sridhar in
eyamba (1989:2) define that code mixing as transition by using linguistic unit
(phrase and word) from one language which were uses by the people in sentence.
So code switching and code mixing can be accouter in various places and
situation, one fact of code switching and code mixing could be found in many
kind of announcer, one of them in radio announcer.
Announcer is person who
introduces programs, read or provides communication. According (Legislative Council, 2006:123), Announcer is perceived
by the public as the most pervasive and powerful means of communication to
connect with the masses. The announcers Authority assigned an independent
survey company to collect public opinions the terms code switching together
with code mixing has been used by different scholars in different ways with
regard to their implied meaning for linguistic theories (Bentahila &
Davies, 1983:73). The perpose radio L-bass always gave which
provides a lot of information to Islam every
day, but it is also broadcast
on the radio L-Bass
education such as English, Wednesday
was gave information about education English. The announcer always broadcasts
at L-bass radio at program; Wednesday “Fun with English” are Destri, Davit, Alan, and Ani.
The announcers often used
switching and mixing is that program. It makes the research interest to
indentify the program of code switching and code mixing. Researcher chooses
this program English because, this program related on education about
English. In this thesis, the researcher
is interested to analyze the problem entitled “an analysis of code switching and code mixing used by radio announcers
at l-bass radio 97, 6 mhz iain Bengkulu.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is the study of the language
function in a social context and the development of language in society. This
is consistent with Noam Chomsky in Romaine (2000, p. 1) stated that
sociolinguistics focus on differences in the use of language in society so that
an object can be the object language learning another language. And then
Sociolinguistics is as branch of linguistics which studies just those
properties of language and languages which require reference to social,
including contextual, factors in their explanation. So we can say if
sociolinguistics is the study of language use in a society that does not focus
on the composition of sentence structure but focuses on differences in language
use and language development in society.
Besides that, Fishman (1972, p. 1) states
that the interaction between these two aspects sociolinguistics is habits of
the people of the usefulness of the language and the social composition of
habitual action. With language clearly focused on the topic of social arrangement
inherent in language habits society. So, the lessons of sociolinguistics not
only on the organizational structure of the language but also on the level
development use
of language in society and familiarize the user language to use the language that
is used in accordance with the appropriate developmental and language level of
civility in society. There are numerous factors influencing the way people
speak which are investigated by sociolinguistics: Namely, Social class, Social
context, Geographical Origins, Ethnicity, Nationality, Gender and Age.
Related to the explanation, sociolinguistics
is the study of the development and the level of use of language in a society
in which there is a discussion about bilingual and multilingual discussion of
incorporation language in accordance with the rules and are not in accordance
with the rules but is used by the community and accepted by society well
studied in the code-switching and code-mixing.
Bilingualism
According Mackey (1962, p. 12) stated that
the practice of bilingualism is alternately from one language to another
language by a speaker. Then, Bloomfield (1933:45) also found that bilingualism
is the ability of a speaker to use two languages equally well. In line with the
previous opinion Lado (1964, p. 214) argues that bilingualism is the ability to
use 2 languages by someone with as good or almost as good, which is related to
the knowledge of two languages regardless of level. From the previous
statements, it can be concluded that bilingualism is the use of two different
languages by a speaker in the interaction with the speaker of other language.
Code
According”
(Stokweell) a code is “a symbol of nationalism that is used by people to speak
or communicate in a particular language or dialect, or register, accent, or
style on different occasions and for different purposes.
Code Switching
Code switching is the inevitable consequence
of bilingualisms and multilingualism. Anyone who can speak more than one
language chooses the language according to the circumstances in which the
language will be comprehensible to the person addressed. A bilingual speaker
tends to switch rapidly from one language to another, to certain condition and
for certain reason.
Based on expert opinion above, it is clear that the
code-switching is language products that is produced naturally by the people
who use multiple languages either a doubling in the level of words, phrases and
sentence and the sentence does not violate the rules of this product in the
preparation of the structure of words, phrases and sentences which in both
languages.
Code switching in the utterances
of fun with language radio announcer involves two different languages, namely
Indonesian and Bengkulu. The most dominant language used by the announcer is
Indonesian. The following is the result including the type code switching and
the factors for changing the code
According Hoffman shows many types of code switching
and code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching where languages
take place. Those are intra- sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, Establishing continuity with the previous
speaker,
a. Inter-sentential switching
This
kind of code switching occurs between clause or sentence boundary, where each
clause or sentence is in one language or other, as when an adult
Spanish-English bilingual says: “Ok sob, let our hear, they were off-white, you
know.”(Hoffman). Like Yoruba/English bilingual says: Won o arrest a single
person (won o they did not).
b. Intra
sentential code switching
In
this kind of code switching, exclamation and certain set phrases in one
language are inserted into an utterance otherwise in another, as when a
Panjabi/English says: “It’s a nice day, pndenggar?” (Hi semua? isn’t it) .It
was embarrassing! It was very nice, though, but I was embarrassed!” (Hoffman,
1991:112). Like Panjabi/English bilingual says: It's a nice day, hana?
(hai nā isn't it).
c. Establishing
continuity with the previous speaker
This
kind of code switching occurs to continue the utterance of the previous
speaker, as when one Indonesian speaker speaks in English and then the other
speaker tries to respond in English also. Yet, that speaker can also switch
again to language Indonesia.
For instance:
Speaker
1: I can’t get leave for you ‘karena saya suka our together today...
Speaker
2: Correct! Listener let our came back the song
Code Mixing
Code mixing is a mixing of
two codes or languages, usually without a change of topic. Code mixing often
occurs within one sentence, one element is spoken in language A and the rest in
language B. In addition, Nababan said that code mixing is found mainly in
informal interactions. In formal situation, the speaker tends to mix it because
there is no exact idiom in that language, so it is necessary to use words or
idioms from other language.
Hoffman
shows many types code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching
where languages take place. Those are intra-sentential code mixing, intra
lexical code mixing, and involving a change of pronunciation. Each type will be
describing bellow:
Types
of code mixing
a.
Intra-sentential code mixing
This kind of code mixing occurs within a
phrase, a clause or a sentence boundary, as when a French-English bilingual
says: “I started going like this. Y luego decla (and then he said), look at the
smoke coming out my fingers.” Another example is from Wardaugh (1986:108)
“Estaba training Para pelar” : “He was training to fight.”
b. Intra-lexical code mixing
This
kind of code mixing which occurs within a word boundary, such as in sapper
(English Shop with the Panjabi plural ending) or Kuenjoy (English enjoy with
the Swahili prefix Ku, meaning ‘to’).
c. Involving
a change of pronunciation
This
kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when Indonesian people
say an English word, but modify it to Indonesian phonological structure. For
instance, the word ‘strawberry’ is said to be ‘strawberry’ by Indonesian
people.
Difference between Code Switching and Code Mixing
So the basic difference between code switching and code mixing is
code mixing occurs when speakers mix/insert foreign words (other code) in the
dominant language used, yes including the use of foreign terms that appear intellect.
While code switching, speakers change the language used to code
the others (including diversity) for consideration
a.
The other person,
b.
Speakers themselves,
c.
The presence of three
speakers (e.g., between English keep coming third of Sumatran, they transfer
the code to Indonesian language)
d.
Relate a sense of humor, or
e.
Increase the prestige.
The same of code switching and code mixing is that they commonly
occur in a multilingual society in using two languages or more.
The difference over the code (code switching) occurs between the
language used is an autonomous individual, a conscious and deliberate, specific
causes, while the mixed code (code mixing) occurs in a primary code or code
base used has function and autonomy, while other code involved in the use of
such language is in pieces, without function and autonomy as a code.
Radio
Announcer
Announcer
is perceived by the public as the most pervasive and powerful means of
communication to connect with the masses (Legislative Council, 2006). Radio and
television have long been the traditional means for people to access
information and entertainment. In the past few years, social network sites such
as Facebook, Twitter have gained huge popularity among teenagers and adults and
have attracted millions of users worldwide.
RESEARCH METHOD
Design
of Research
This research use qualitative approach it means that the data
collected is not in the form of number, but the data derived from individual
interviews, personal documents, record memos, and other official documents.
Source
of Data
As place to collect the data and
information, the researcher chooses L-bass radio 96, 7 MHz at IAIN Bengkulu. The
sources of data were taken data from announcers IAIN Bengkulu. The data are
taken four times for one moon at program Wednesday
“Fun with English” precisely
16.00
– 17.30 pm, to get enough information.
Techniques
for Collecting Data
The data collection techniques can be
done: First, observation is carried
out by means of recording of the object under study, and then recording
conducted necessary to obtain the corresponding data to the research. Second, interview is a process of
interaction, dialogue, question and answer verbally committed by two or more
persons directly to obtain the required information. Third, documentation is a technique of data collection by gathering
and analyzing documents, whether written documents, pictures, and electronic.
Technique
for Analysis Data
1. The
data of audio recording will put in the form of transcription
2. Transcription
of audio recording will select in order to get the transcription of the
conversations of announcer only.
3. Analysis
and indentify of code switching and code mixing. Base on theory Hoffman
4. Arrange
the concept of analysis
5. Make
percentage, of types of code switching and code mixing from announcers
conversations the researcher the following formulation from Arikunto.S
(2006:246).
Remark:
P 
P = the percentage of code mixing
F = frequency of code mixing on the speech utterance
N = sample (the total words/sentences used by the host)
6.
Make conclusion
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
RESULT
Chart
1: The Percentages of Types Code
Switching
The average from the types of code switching first observation the
research was 12 frequencies and second observation was 21 frequencies than the
last observation was 15 frequencies. From the above showed that 36, 18 % of the
intra sentential code switching is high and 40, 42 % inter sentential and only
23, 40 % Establishing continuity with the previous speaker.
Chart 2:
Percentage of Types code mixing
The average from the types of code mixing first observation the
research was 30 frequencies and second observation was 69 frequencies than the
last observation was 62 frequencies. From the above showed that 53, 41% of the
intra sentential code switching is high and the low percentage18, 402 % intra
lexical, tha only 28, 57 % involving a cahge of pronunciation.
DISCUSSION
Types of Code Switching
a. Intra Sentential Code Switching
According to Hoffman (1991:112)
Intra sentential is one of types code switching
occurs between clause or sentence boundary, where each clause or sentence is in
one language or other. Wardhaugh (2006:101), code switching
found in the utterance of radio L-bass announcer is categorized as
intra-sentential because the switching occurs within a single sentence in a
single person conversation as below:
(Davit: later we say about our topic, saya mau mengingatkan kalian bisa gabungan
di 97 point 6 fm radio L-bass or
you can join us di facebook radio L-bass IAIN Bengkulu or you can sand massage
in 0811 (Appendix 4)
In the utterance above, the italic typing
is spoken in Indonesia. In this utterance the announcer switches from English
to Indonesia then switches again to English. During the program, the switching
mostly occurs in kind of this.
b. Inter sentential code switching
According to Hoffman (1991:112)
Inter sentential is one of types code switching
occurs between clause or sentence boundary, where each clause or sentence is in
one language or other. Wardhaugh (2006:101) also explains that
inter-sentential code switching occurs when the switching occurs between
sentences. Below is the example of code switching in this type:
Alan:
betul sekali kembali kita inggatkan bagi kalian yang ingin bergabung kalian
bisa coment in our facebook kita di
radio L-bass IAIN bengkulu atau sms di 0811…. Atau mungkin ada orang luar
negeri yang sedang dengarin you can take
us in 0811… we will back on 96 point 7 kept stay after on this commercial.
That for you Lucy from. (Appendix 6)
This
type of switching occurs as the announcer switches form Indonesian to English
in different sentences. In the first sentence the announcer uses Indonesian
then mixes to some English language. Later, in the next utterance she uses full
English to the listener. Thus, this type of switching is called
inter-sentential code switching. The process of switching from Indonesian into
English were analyzed as inter sentential code switching, because the process
involves a switch of clause or sentence boundary, where each clause or sentence
is in one language or another.
c. Establishing continuity with the
previous speaker
According to Hoffman (1991:112) Establishing continuity with the
previous speaker code switching occurs to continue the utterance of the
previous speaker, as when one Indonesian speaker speaks in English and then the
other speaker tries to respond in English also
Alan: dan kesempatan kali ini recan setia, we will explanition about tips berbicara
bahasa ingris (Appendix 6)
Ani: atau disebut juga speech (Appendix 8)
In the
utterance above, the italic typing is spoken in Indonesia. In this utterance
the announcer switches from English to Indonesia then other speaker to respond
in speak Indonesia.
Types
of code mixing
a. Intra-sentential code mixing
According
to Hoffman (1991:112) Intra-sentential
code mixing occurs within a phrase, a clause or a sentence boundary. It means
that in intra lexical mixes sentence Indonesia to English, or English to
Indonesia.
Davit: good
afternoon atau selamat sore aja (Appendix
7)
Alan: sedang dengarin you can take us in 0811… (Appendix
9)
In the utterance above, the italic typing is
spoken in English. In this utterance the announcer mixes from English to
Indonesia.
b.
Intra
lexical
According to Hoffman (1991:112) this kind of
code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when Indonesian people say an
English word, but modify it to Indonesian phonological structure. For instance,
the word. It means that it change of pronuncation with same meaning.
Destri: rekan setia L-bass balik lagi Ni tentunya (Appendix 5)
Desrti: Oke seprti yang destri bilang (Appendix
7)
In
the conversation above, the italic typing is spoken in English but modify with
Indonesia languuage.
c. Establishing continuity with the previous speaker code
mixing
According to Hoffman (1991:112) occurs within a
word boundary, such as in sapper English Shop with the Indonesia. It means that
mixes word continew to annother langugage.
Alan: Mau morning
aja brasa pagi ini solanya
(Appendix 7)
Ani: oh ya really
(Appendix 9)
In the utterance
above, the italic typing is spoken in English to Indonesia. Than mixes
Indonesia to English..
Finally, from the analysis of the
announcers used of code switching and code mixing in L-bass radio is not only
used as entertainment, but also improve our knowledge and information’s about
education. The announcers in bring the showed sometimes used code switching and
code mixing that seem interesting and updated to the listener. The Fun of
English program contains a number of code switching and code mixing. For the
reason also, code mixing that used in is interesting to be analyzed the data
were collected from the notes of the conversation the announcers in ‘fun with
English’ of L-bass radio 96.7 fm IAIN Bengkulu.
In other words, most people as
speaker usually occupy more tha one code and require a selected code as media
communicate with other people. It other word, as bilingual people usually used
their own idioms for in group communication and the common language for their
itarction and communication with outside.
CONCLUSION
Best
on the results of data analysis showad that the three types of code switching
and three types of code mixing base on Hoffman theory. Types of code switching was used by announcers
conversation in radio L-bass Iain Bengkulu are inter sentential code switching 36,18% , intra
sentential code switching 40,42%, and Establishing
continuity with the previous speaker switching 23,40%, and types
of code mixing are inter – lexical 51,88%, Establishing continuity
with the previous speaker 18,12%,
and Involving a change of pronunciation 30%.
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