code switching and code mixing

code switcingcode

AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING USED BY

RADIO ANNOUNCERS AT L-BASS RADIO 96. 7 MHZ IAIN BENGKULU

Detti Lismayanti and Miza Anisa Sari

Dosen dan Mahasiswa Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Tadris IAIN Bengkulu

Detti_lis@yahoo.co.id and miza_Anisa@yahoo.com

  Abstrak: Fenomena alih kode (code switching) dan campur kode (code mixing) adalah salah satu dari berbagai konteks sosial yang dapat membantu interaksi manapun dengan transisi dari satu bahasa ke bahasa lain. penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana alih kode dan kode pencampuran digunakan oleh penyiar radio di L-bass IAIN Bengkulu berdasarkan teori Hoffman.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik merekam dan kemudian penulis mentranskripsi rekaman ke dalam kertas. Peserta penelitian ini adalah 4 penyiar  radio L-bass 97, 6 MHz IAIN Bengkulu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar peserta menggunakan semua jenis alih kode dan campur kode. Dalam penggunaan alih kode, sebagian besar penyiar menggunakan antar-setential 40, 42%, dan dalam penggunaan campur kode intra-sentential 53, 41% lebih tinggi dari jenis lainnya. Hal ini juga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan alih kode dan campur kode oleh penyiar dari radio L-bass  dalam program “Fun Dengan bahasa Inggris" dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor , yaitu usia, gaya dan kelas sosial. Penyiar juga menggunakan semua jenis alih kode dan campur kode untuk membuat program menjadi lebih menarik.

     Keywords: Code Switching, Code Mixing and Announcers L-Bass.

INTRODUCTION

Code a main of communication is very important as a system that is used by people and a system for communication between two or more parties.  It is easy for them to switc orvto mix one code to another code or one language to another languge. According to Martiana (2004:3) code switching and code mixing happened as an effect of the cross language of Eros culture by people use bilingualism or multilingualism. However, sometimes code switching and code mixing wil become to aternative language by announcers when do compensations, because code switching and code mixing can make them easy to interpret word by word for listener are listening when the speaker said, because code switching and code mixing can make them confuse or misinterpret about it.

Code switching usually said as phenomenon switching from one code to other, according Ohoiwutun (1997:71) code switching is transliteration from one language to another language. Another phenomenon closely related to code switching and code mixing. Code mixing is the transfer of linguistics element from one language into another. According Suwandi (2008:87) code mixing is the using of two or more language in informal style between the people which we know. It is important to note that code switching and code mixing differs from “lexical borrowing”, a term that covers “words of foreign origin which have been assimilated to the phonology of the host language” (Li, 2002:80). That theory coherent in Charles (1992:2) he said that code switching is using more than one language or variety of language simultaneously in conversation. Sridhar in eyamba (1989:2) define that code mixing as transition by using linguistic unit (phrase and word) from one language which were uses by the people in sentence. So code switching and code mixing can be accouter in various places and situation, one fact of code switching and code mixing could be found in many kind of announcer, one of them in radio announcer.

Announcer is person who introduces programs, read or provides communication. According (Legislative Council, 2006:123), Announcer is perceived by the public as the most pervasive and powerful means of communication to connect with the masses. The announcers Authority assigned an independent survey company to collect public opinions the terms code switching together with code mixing has been used by different scholars in different ways with regard to their implied meaning for linguistic theories (Bentahila & Davies, 1983:73).  The perpose radio L-bass always gave which provides a lot of information to Islam every day, but it is also broadcast on the radio L-Bass education such as English, Wednesday was gave information about education English. The announcer always broadcasts at L-bass radio at program; Wednesday “Fun with English” are Destri, Davit, Alan, and Ani.

The announcers often used switching and mixing is that program. It makes the research interest to indentify the program of code switching and code mixing. Researcher chooses this program English because, this program related on education about English.  In this thesis, the researcher is interested to analyze the problem entitled “an analysis of code switching and code mixing used by radio announcers at l-bass radio 97, 6 mhz iain Bengkulu.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is the study of the language function in a social context and the development of language in society. This is consistent with Noam Chomsky in Romaine (2000, p. 1) stated that sociolinguistics focus on differences in the use of language in society so that an object can be the object language learning another language. And then Sociolinguistics is as branch of linguistics which studies just those properties of language and languages which require reference to social, including contextual, factors in their explanation. So we can say if sociolinguistics is the study of language use in a society that does not focus on the composition of sentence structure but focuses on differences in language use and language development in society.

Besides that, Fishman (1972, p. 1) states that the interaction between these two aspects sociolinguistics is habits of the people of the usefulness of the language and the social composition of habitual action. With language clearly focused on the topic of social arrangement inherent in language habits society. So, the lessons of sociolinguistics not only on the organizational structure of the language but also on the level development use
of language in society and familiarize the user language to use the language that is used in accordance with the appropriate developmental and language level of civility in society. There are numerous factors influencing the way people speak which are investigated by sociolinguistics: Namely, Social class, Social context, Geographical Origins, Ethnicity, Nationality, Gender and Age.

Related to the explanation, sociolinguistics is the study of the development and the level of use of language in a society in which there is a discussion about bilingual and multilingual discussion of incorporation language in accordance with the rules and are not in accordance with the rules but is used by the community and accepted by society well studied in the code-switching and code-mixing.

Bilingualism

According Mackey (1962, p. 12) stated that the practice of bilingualism is alternately from one language to another language by a speaker. Then, Bloomfield (1933:45) also found that bilingualism is the ability of a speaker to use two languages equally well. In line with the previous opinion Lado (1964, p. 214) argues that bilingualism is the ability to use 2 languages by someone with as good or almost as good, which is related to the knowledge of two languages regardless of level. From the previous statements, it can be concluded that bilingualism is the use of two different languages by a speaker in the interaction with the speaker of other language.

Code

According” (Stokweell) a code is “a symbol of nationalism that is used by people to speak or communicate in a particular language or dialect, or register, accent, or style on different occasions and for different purposes.

Code Switching

Code switching is the inevitable consequence of bilingualisms and multilingualism. Anyone who can speak more than one language chooses the language according to the circumstances in which the language will be comprehensible to the person addressed. A bilingual speaker tends to switch rapidly from one language to another, to certain condition and for certain reason.

Based on expert opinion above, it is clear that the code-switching is language products that is produced naturally by the people who use multiple languages either a doubling in the level of words, phrases and sentence and the sentence does not violate the rules of this product in the preparation of the structure of words, phrases and sentences which in both languages. 
Code switching in the utterances of fun with language radio announcer involves two different languages, namely Indonesian and Bengkulu. The most dominant language used by the announcer is Indonesian. The following is the result including the type code switching and the factors for changing the code

According Hoffman shows many types of code switching and code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching where languages take place. Those are intra- sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, Establishing continuity with the previous speaker,

a. Inter-sentential switching

This kind of code switching occurs between clause or sentence boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or other, as when an adult Spanish-English bilingual says: “Ok sob, let our hear, they were off-white, you know.”(Hoffman). Like Yoruba/English bilingual says: Won o arrest a single person (won o they did not).

b. Intra sentential code switching

In this kind of code switching, exclamation and certain set phrases in one language are inserted into an utterance otherwise in another, as when a Panjabi/English says: “It’s a nice day, pndenggar?” (Hi semua? isn’t it) .It was embarrassing! It was very nice, though, but I was embarrassed!” (Hoffman, 1991:112). Like Panjabi/English bilingual says: It's a nice day, hana? (hai nā isn't it).

c. Establishing continuity with the previous speaker

This kind of code switching occurs to continue the utterance of the previous speaker, as when one Indonesian speaker speaks in English and then the other speaker tries to respond in English also. Yet, that speaker can also switch again to language Indonesia.

For instance:

Speaker 1: I can’t get leave for you ‘karena saya suka our together today...

Speaker 2: Correct! Listener let our came back the song

Code Mixing

Code mixing is a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change of topic. Code mixing often occurs within one sentence, one element is spoken in language A and the rest in language B. In addition, Nababan said that code mixing is found mainly in informal interactions. In formal situation, the speaker tends to mix it because there is no exact idiom in that language, so it is necessary to use words or idioms from other language.

Hoffman shows many types code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching where languages take place. Those are intra-sentential code mixing, intra lexical code mixing, and involving a change of pronunciation. Each type will be describing bellow:

Types of code mixing

a. Intra-sentential code mixing

 This kind of code mixing occurs within a phrase, a clause or a sentence boundary, as when a French-English bilingual says: “I started going like this. Y luego decla (and then he said), look at the smoke coming out my fingers.” Another example is from Wardaugh (1986:108) “Estaba training Para pelar” : “He was training to fight.”

b.      Intra-lexical code mixing

This kind of code mixing which occurs within a word boundary, such as in sapper (English Shop with the Panjabi plural ending) or Kuenjoy (English enjoy with the Swahili prefix Ku, meaning ‘to’).

c. Involving a change of pronunciation

This kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when Indonesian people say an English word, but modify it to Indonesian phonological structure. For instance, the word ‘strawberry’ is said to be ‘strawberry’ by Indonesian people.

Difference between Code Switching and Code Mixing

So the basic difference between code switching and code mixing is code mixing occurs when speakers mix/insert foreign words (other code) in the dominant language used, yes including the use of foreign terms that appear intellect.
While code switching, speakers change the language used to code the others (including diversity) for consideration

a.       The other person,

b.      Speakers themselves,

c.       The presence of three speakers (e.g., between English keep coming third of Sumatran, they transfer the code to Indonesian language)

d.      Relate a sense of humor, or

e.       Increase the prestige.
The same of code switching and code mixing is that they commonly occur in a multilingual society in using two languages or more.

The difference over the code (code switching) occurs between the language used is an autonomous individual, a conscious and deliberate, specific causes, while the mixed code (code mixing) occurs in a primary code or code base used has function and autonomy, while other code involved in the use of such language is in pieces, without function and autonomy as a code.

Radio Announcer

Announcer is perceived by the public as the most pervasive and powerful means of communication to connect with the masses (Legislative Council, 2006). Radio and television have long been the traditional means for people to access information and entertainment. In the past few years, social network sites such as Facebook, Twitter have gained huge popularity among teenagers and adults and have attracted millions of users worldwide.

RESEARCH METHOD

Design of Research

This research use qualitative approach it means that the data collected is not in the form of number, but the data derived from individual interviews, personal documents, record memos, and other official documents.

Source of Data

      As place to collect the data and information, the researcher chooses L-bass radio 96, 7 MHz at IAIN Bengkulu. The sources of data were taken data from announcers IAIN Bengkulu. The data are taken four times for one moon at program Wednesday “Fun with English” precisely 16.00 – 17.30 pm, to get enough information.

Techniques for Collecting Data

      The data collection techniques can be done: First, observation is carried out by means of recording of the object under study, and then recording conducted necessary to obtain the corresponding data to the research. Second, interview is a process of interaction, dialogue, question and answer verbally committed by two or more persons directly to obtain the required information. Third, documentation is a technique of data collection by gathering and analyzing documents, whether written documents, pictures, and electronic.

Technique for Analysis Data

1.      The data of audio recording will put in the form of transcription

2.      Transcription of audio recording will select in order to get the transcription of the conversations of announcer only.

3.      Analysis and indentify of code switching and code mixing. Base on   theory Hoffman

4.      Arrange the concept of analysis

5.      Make percentage, of types of code switching and code mixing from announcers conversations the researcher the following formulation from Arikunto.S (2006:246).

Remark:                                                      

P

P = the percentage of code mixing

F = frequency of code mixing on the speech utterance

N = sample (the total words/sentences used by the host)

6.      Make conclusion

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

RESULT

              Chart 1: The Percentages of Types Code Switching

The average from the types of code switching first observation the research was 12 frequencies and second observation was 21 frequencies than the last observation was 15 frequencies. From the above showed that 36, 18 % of the intra sentential code switching is high and 40, 42 % inter sentential and only 23, 40 %  Establishing continuity with the previous speaker.

Chart 2: Percentage of Types code mixing

The average from the types of code mixing first observation the research was 30 frequencies and second observation was 69 frequencies than the last observation was 62 frequencies. From the above showed that 53, 41% of the intra sentential code switching is high and the low percentage18, 402 % intra lexical, tha  only 28, 57 %  involving a cahge of pronunciation.

DISCUSSION

Types of Code Switching

a.       Intra Sentential Code Switching

                          According to Hoffman (1991:112) Intra sentential is one of types code switching occurs between clause or sentence boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or other. Wardhaugh (2006:101), code switching found in the utterance of radio L-bass announcer is categorized as intra-sentential because the switching occurs within a single sentence in a single person conversation as below:

 (Davit: later we say about our topic, saya mau mengingatkan kalian bisa gabungan di   97 point 6 fm radio L-bass or you can join us di facebook radio L-bass IAIN Bengkulu or you can sand massage in 0811 (Appendix 4)

      In the utterance above, the italic typing is spoken in Indonesia. In this utterance the announcer switches from English to Indonesia then switches again to English. During the program, the switching mostly occurs in kind of this.

b.      Inter sentential code switching

According to Hoffman (1991:112) Inter sentential is one of types code switching occurs between clause or sentence boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or other. Wardhaugh (2006:101) also explains that inter-sentential code switching occurs when the switching occurs between sentences. Below is the example of code switching in this type:

Alan: betul sekali kembali kita inggatkan bagi kalian yang ingin bergabung kalian bisa coment in our facebook kita di radio L-bass IAIN bengkulu atau sms di 0811…. Atau mungkin ada orang luar negeri yang sedang dengarin you can take us in 0811… we will back on 96 point 7 kept stay after on this commercial. That for you Lucy from. (Appendix 6)

This type of switching occurs as the announcer switches form Indonesian to English in different sentences. In the first sentence the announcer uses Indonesian then mixes to some English language. Later, in the next utterance she uses full English to the listener. Thus, this type of switching is called inter-sentential code switching. The process of switching from Indonesian into English were analyzed as inter sentential code switching, because the process involves a switch of clause or sentence boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or another.

c.       Establishing continuity with the previous speaker

According to Hoffman (1991:112) Establishing continuity with the previous speaker code switching occurs to continue the utterance of the previous speaker, as when one Indonesian speaker speaks in English and then the other speaker tries to respond in English also

Alan: dan kesempatan kali ini recan setia, we will explanition about tips berbicara bahasa ingris (Appendix 6)

Ani: atau disebut juga speech (Appendix 8)

                                                            In the utterance above, the italic typing is spoken in Indonesia. In this utterance the announcer switches from English to Indonesia then other speaker to respond in speak Indonesia.

                     Types of code mixing

a.        Intra-sentential code mixing

              According to Hoffman (1991:112) Intra-sentential code mixing occurs within a phrase, a clause or a sentence boundary. It means that in intra lexical mixes sentence Indonesia to English, or English to Indonesia.

Davit: good afternoon atau selamat sore aja (Appendix 7)

Alan: sedang dengarin you can take us in 0811… (Appendix 9)

  In the utterance above, the italic typing is spoken in English. In this utterance the announcer mixes from English to Indonesia.

b.   Intra lexical

According to Hoffman (1991:112) this kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when Indonesian people say an English word, but modify it to Indonesian phonological structure. For instance, the word. It means that it change of pronuncation with same meaning.

Destri: rekan setia L-bass balik lagi Ni tentunya (Appendix 5)

Desrti: Oke seprti yang destri bilang (Appendix 7)

 

In the conversation above, the italic typing is spoken in English but modify with Indonesia languuage.

c.     Establishing continuity with the previous speaker code mixing

According to Hoffman (1991:112) occurs within a word boundary, such as in sapper English Shop with the Indonesia. It means that mixes word continew to annother langugage.

Alan: Mau morning aja brasa pagi ini solanya (Appendix 7)

Ani: oh ya really (Appendix 9)

In the utterance above, the italic typing is spoken in English to Indonesia. Than mixes Indonesia to English..

              Finally, from the analysis of the announcers used of code switching and code mixing in L-bass radio is not only used as entertainment, but also improve our knowledge and information’s about education. The announcers in bring the showed sometimes used code switching and code mixing that seem interesting and updated to the listener. The Fun of English program contains a number of code switching and code mixing. For the reason also, code mixing that used in is interesting to be analyzed the data were collected from the notes of the conversation the announcers in ‘fun with English’ of L-bass radio 96.7 fm IAIN Bengkulu.

           In other words, most people as speaker usually occupy more tha one code and require a selected code as media communicate with other people. It other word, as bilingual people usually used their own idioms for in group communication and the common language for their itarction and communication with outside.

CONCLUSION

                        Best on the results of data analysis showad that the three types of code switching and three types of code mixing base on Hoffman theory.  Types of code switching was used by announcers conversation in radio L-bass Iain Bengkulu are inter sentential code switching 36,18% , intra sentential  code switching 40,42%, and Establishing continuity with the previous speaker switching 23,40%, and types of code mixing are inter – lexical 51,88%, Establishing continuity with the previous speaker 18,12%, and Involving a change of pronunciation 30%.

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